Photosynthesis

                   Photosynthesis is the process by which plants, some bacteria and some protistent use of the energy from sunlight to produce glucose from carbon dioxide and water. This glucose can be converted into private which releases adenine tri phosphate (ATP) by cellular respiration. Oxygen is also formed.

What is Photosynthesis?

The word photosynthesis can be separated to make two smaller words:
“photo” which means light
“synthesis” which means putting together
Plants need food but they do not have to wait on people or animals to provide for them. Most plants are able to make their own food whenever they need it. This is done using light and the process is called photosynthesis.

The Process of Photosynthesis

Photosynthesis takes place in the leaves of plants. The leaves are made up of very small cells. Inside these cells are tiny structures called chloroplasts. Each chloroplast contains a green chemical called chlorophyll which gives leaves their green color.

• Chlorophyll absorbs the sun’s energy.
• It is this energy that is used to split water molecules into hydrogen and oxygen.
• Oxygen is released from the leaves into the atmosphere.
• Hydrogen and carbon dioxide are used to form glucose or food for plants.

Some of the glucose is used to provide energy for the growth and development of plants while the rest is stored in leaves, roots or fruits for later use by plants.
Here is the process in greater detail:
Photosynthesis occurs in two stages commonly known as Light dependent Reactions and the Calvin Cycle.

 

Why is Photosynthesis Important?

Photosynthesis is important because it provides two main things:

• food
• oxygen

Some of the glucose that plants produce during photosynthesis is stored in fruits and roots. This is why we are able to eat carrots, potatoes, apples, water melons and all the others. These foods provide energy for humans and animals.
Oxygen that is produced during photosynthesis is released into the atmosphere. This oxygen is what we breathe and we cannot live without it.
While it is important that photosynthesis provides food and oxygen, its impact on our daily lives is far more extensive. Photosynthesis is so essential to life on earth that most living organisms, including humans, cannot survive without it.
All of our energy for growth, development and physical activity comes from eating food from plants and animals. Animals obtain energy from eating plants. Plants obtain energy from glucose made during photosynthesis.

 

Chloroplast ultrastructure

1. outer membrane

2. intermembrane space
3. inner membrane (1+2+3: envelope)
4. stroma (aqueous fluid)
5. thylakoid lumen (inside of thylakoid)
6. thylakoid membrane
7. granum (stack of thylakoids)
8. thylakoid (lamella)
9. starch
10. ribosome
11. plastidial DNA
12. plastoglobule (drop of lipids)

Photosynthesis Song

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Process of Black Magic(14 Steps)

Understanding Black Magic

1. Consider the outcome you want to bring about. What trouble is plaguing you so much that you want to use black magic to correct it? Black magic is considered a dark art because you use it to get what you want by means of controlling someone else.If your aim is to help others or bring about some form of peace and justice, look into white magic instead. If you want to practice magic for personal gain, black magic is what you should use. Here are common reasons why people use black magic:

• To keep someone bound in place. If someone is harming you and you wish to stop them, you can use a binding spell to stop the person's actions.
• To cause someone to be attracted to you. Love spells are among the most popular when it comes to black magic.
• To achieve immortality or improve your health.
• To communicate with the dead.
  
  
  2. Know the basics of a black magic ritual. The ritual you use to perform black magic will depend on your desired outcome. There are different rituals for everything from casting a spell to gain wealth to raising the dead from their graves. Most rituals involve the following elements:
  

  • A site is chosen for casting the curse or spell.
  • A circle is drawn on the casting site, and a pentacle is drawn inside the circle. This is called a circle of power.
  • Candles, herbs, crystals, charms, and other materials are employed to help draw out the spirits.
  • Words of power (relevant to the particular outcome you want) are repeated three times.
  3. Understand curses and hexes. Aside from conducting a classic black magic ritual, there are other ways to perform black magic. Placing a curse or hex is done as a way to bring ill fortune to another person, or to make them do what you want them to do. Be very careful about using curses and hexes. It's up to you to determine whether your reasons for wanting to bring misfortune to another person are valid. You must use your power wisely.
  
  4. Make sure you're willing to deal with the consequences. Awakening the forces of darkness can be a serious move and should not be done lightly^. The threefold law (Wiccan Rede) states that what you put forth comes back to you threefold. Do you feel so strongly about using black magic that you're willing to suffer should the magic come back to harm you? Be sure that the outcome you are hoping to obtain is completely worth it.

5. Draw a circle with a pentagram inside. This powerful symbol is present during most black magic rituals. It is traditionally drawn in the ground using a wand hewn from a hazel tree. You may use a stick or another implement to draw the symbol if Hazelwood isn't available. Choose a strategic location that will give your spell the best chance to work.

• Spirits will have a harder time visiting a location that's populated by a lot of people, so choose a place in the woods or another area not frequently visited.
• Graveyards are a classic place to choose if you're planning on conjuring the dead.
  
  6. Step into the circle of power. Once inside, gather your concentration and energy. You will need all the energy within you to complete the spell. Don't let yourself get distracted.

 

7. Recite the words of power associated with your desired spell. Each spell has different words of power that are recited to achieve the outcome you want. If you are summoning a demon or some other spirit, you must learn its true name before the spell will work.

• There is no one spell that will work to bring true love, give you immortality, and so on. Do research to find a spell, or write your own if you'd like.
  
  8. Write your spell in your grimoire. A grimoire is a sort of textbook for spells, with instructions on how to use black magic.
  
  9. Prepare for your results. If your spell works, the outcome you desire will take effect. Prepare for this, and also prepare for the evil that may come.
  

  • If you have summoned a demonic beast or spirit, treat it with respect. These creatures do not necessarily have loyalty to their summoner.
  
  
  10. Make a poppet. Choose a piece of black cloth and cut two layers in the shape of a small person. The shape should look vaguely similar to the person on whom you want to place a hex. Sew the edges together but leave the top of the head unsewn.
  

  • Black cloth is best, but if you don't have it on hand, you can use another color.
  • Your poppet should be created from all natural materials. Avoid using polyester fabric or other man-made fabrics; black magic is not as easily conducted through manmade materials.
    11. Fill the poppet. Fill it up with earth, a few powerful crystals, and hair and nail clippings from the person you want to hex. Sew up the head to close the poppet.
    12. Prepare a sacred circle. Draw a circle using chalk or a stick, then draw a pentagram inside it. Alternately, you may draw a sacred circle on a piece of paper large enough to stand on. Light candles around the circle before you step inside.
    
    13. Stand in the circle and speak the words of your spell over the poppet. Repeat the words of power three times. Here are a few examples of words you can use to place your hex:
    

    • To cast a binding spell and prevent the person from taking actions, repeat "I bind your feet from bringing you to harm me. I bind your hands from reaching out to harm me. I bind your mouth from spreading tales to harm me. I bind your mind from sending energy to harm me."Say this while wrapping the poppet in black ribbon.
    • To cast a love spell over someone you desire, say the words, "Bright the flame. Light the fire. Red is the color of desire."
    14.Let the candles burn down. Once they have burned completely, the hex has been cast.
    
    
    
    
    
    N:B: Don't Try it Separately in Home..

7 Rules That Keep My Life Simple

I enjoy creating a few simple rules to live by that take away some of the overwhelming decision making we need to make every day.
Pre-think these decisions, formulate them into rules, and then just follow them, freeing your brain for more important decisions.
Why should we need to give so much thought to what we’ll wear and eat, how we’ll exercise and handle email, when these are things we do every single day?
So I’ve been crafting a few rules that keep my life simple, so I don’t need to think about the little things so much.
These rules change, depending on my life circumstances — what I’m working on, where I am, what else is going on, etc.
And I don’t get mad at myself if I need to bend a rule now and then … but try to stick with them as a general principle.
So here are the rules that have been working for me lately:

1. Clear my email inbox every Friday. I generally keep my email inbox to 5-10 emails (except when I’m traveling) or often fewer, but a handful of them stick around because I don’t want to answer them or there are too many little things I need to do in order to answer the email. So they hang around in my inbox all week, dragging on me mentally. My habit has been to clear out the inbox on Friday — answer the emails I’ve been putting off, take care of the little actions, archive ones I just know I won’t answer. It’s beautiful — a clear inbox is so nice. Then more emails come in almost immediately, and that’s OK … I don’t need a clear inbox all the time, and I purposely leave 2-3 in the inbox all week because I don’t want to obsess over having a clear inbox all the time. Just once a week.
2. Clear my Instapaper queue every Sunday. I like to read long-form articles online, but I can waste so much of my day reading them that I’ve gotten into the habit of making myself not read them during my peak productivity hours, and instead I just save them to Instapaper for reading later (others like Readability, Pocket, Safari’s read-later feature … they’re all the same). This means I can have 10-20 articles in my queue, which I’ll read when I have spare time (waiting in line or on the train, for example). But they pile up, and I’ve learned that if I leave the articles in the queue, I’ll never read them. So I make a point, every weekend, to clear out my Instapaper queue. I read as many as possible (usually Sundays) and then clear out the ones I don’t think I’ll get to. I leave 2 articles in the queue at the end of every Sunday, so I always have something to read.
3. Get the important stuff done before anything else. Email, online reading, social media, etc. … these can eat up your entire day if you let them. So I make sure I get to the most important stuff, which can get pushed back and back until you don’t have the time or energy to actually do them. For me, this means meditation and writing, along with some distraction-free reading, before I get to email or the rest.
4. Wear the same thing every day. I have a handful of clothes I wear: grey or black T-shirts, with my one pair of jeans (or shorts, if I’m at home). I can throw any of the shirts on with my jeans or shorts, so I don’t think about what I wear. Side note: I also don’t worry about my hair, as I shave it weekly. This rule isn’t for everyone, obviously!
5. Eat the same thing every day. Honestly, I’ve long been a foodie, and I really love food, but I discovered that eating out at delicious restaurants and cooking gourmet meals not only is bad for your waistline and your wallet, but takes up so much time and energy. So I reserve those things for special days, and the rest of the time I just eat the same exact meals almost every day. The specific meals change over time, but I’ll generally eat the same meal for lunch and dinner for about 6 months or longer. This isn’t for everyone, I know. Recently I’ve been eating tempeh with veggies every day, two meals a day (I eat steel-cut oats with berries and flaxseed for breakfast only on strength-training days). Before that it was tempeh. Before that, scrambled tofu, and before that three-bean chili. Lots of veggies means huge health benefits. I don’t eat lots of grains, and snack on fruits. I only eat the sweets or refined grains socially, on those special days, and honestly I don’t miss them at all. The main point isn’t in the specifics — it’s that I cook the food in big batches and eat that food for about 3-4 days.
6. Put limits on certain things. There are things I really enjoy, but I’ve found that if I overdo them, they’re not so good for me. And because I like them so much, I tend to overdo them. So moderation through limits. Some examples: I limit my online reading to two 30-minute sessions a day, and recently I’ve limited myself to one (1) glass of red wine in the evening, half (1/2) a cup of coffee in the morning, two (2) sweets on the weekends. These might change over time, but right now they’re working brilliantly. I enjoy the things, but don’t overdo them.
7. Treat an activity like a sacred ritual. This is the part I forget the most, but I’ve been getting better at remembering. Here’s the idea: every single thing we do can be done as an afterthought, like something you’re just getting through to get to something more important … or it can be elevated to something sacred, like performing sacred rites. Washing your hands? Take a moment to realize how much of a miracle this act is (many people don’t have water for basic hygiene), take a breath, and truly pay attention as you go through this sacred hand-washing ritual. Do your dishes the same way: every dish a miracle, every sensation elevated to a new importance, every drop of water a gem worth paying attention to. This applies to every activity: writing, responding to an email, listening to a friend, playing with your child, taking a shower, going for a walk, paying bills. Worthy of your full attention, worthy of joy and appreciation.

In actuality, I forget to follow some of these rules sometimes, but when I remember, things are much simpler. And so I endeavor to remember.